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Shirimono
GRAMMAR
〜ている・〜た・[V] + [N]
verb modified noun
Explanation
NOTE

In Japanese, verbs can directly modify nouns by being placed before them — just like adjectives. The verb stays in plain form (ている, , dictionary form, or ない form).

NOTE

The ている form before a noun describes an ongoing state. The form describes a completed action. The dictionary form describes a habitual or future action.

はしているひと
A person who is running.
The te-form + iru modifies the noun, describing a person's current ongoing action.
はしひと
A person who ran.
The ta-form modifies the noun, indicating an action that has already been completed.
STRUCTURE
Vている
N
ているがいる。
Naiteiru ko ga iru.
There is a child who is crying.
眼鏡めがねをかけているひと田中たなかさんです。
Megane o kaketeiru hito wa Tanaka-san desu.
The person who is wearing glasses is Mr. Tanaka.
STRUCTURE
V
N
昨日きのうほんむ。
Kinō katta hon o yomu.
I read the book I bought yesterday.
ははつくごはんは美味おいしい。
Haha ga tsukutta gohan wa oishii.
The food my mother made is delicious.
Example sentences
これはわたし毎日まいにちみずです。
This is the water I drink every day.
公園こうえんはしっているひとだれですか。
Who is the person running in the park?
昨日きのう映画えいがはとても面白おもしろかったです。
The movie I saw yesterday was very interesting.

Practice exercises

1
はしているひとがいる。
There is a person who is running.
Answer
ている
2
わらている子供こどもがかわいい。
The child who is laughing is cute.
Answer
ている
3
昨日きのうつくケーキをべた。
I ate the cake that was made yesterday.
Answer
4
友達ともだちがくれほんんだ。
I read the book my friend gave me.
Answer
5
ているがいる。
There is a child who is crying.
Answer
ている
6
昨日きのうほんむ。
I read the book I bought yesterday.
Answer
7
眼鏡めがねをかけているひと田中たなかさんです。
The person who is wearing glasses is Mr. Tanaka.
Answer
ている
8
ははつくごはんは美味おいしい。
The food my mother made is delicious.
Answer
9
さっきとど荷物にもつけた。
I opened the package that arrived earlier.
Answer