
GRAMMAR
即ち
in other words
namely
Explanation
NOTE
即ち is the formal or literary equivalent of つまり. It restates, clarifies, or defines what was just said — translated as namely, that is, or i.e.
人間は社会的な動物、即ち、他者との関係の中で生きる存在だ。
Humans are social animals, namely, beings that live within relationships with others.
Used here to clarify the definition of 'social animal' by rephrasing it in simpler terms.
NOTE
- Stronger and more precise than
つまり— often used when giving a definition or exact equivalence. - Commonly found in academic writing, formal speeches, and legal or technical documents.
- Rarely used in casual spoken Japanese.
自由、即ち、自分で選択する権利が守られなければならない。
Freedom, namely the right to choose for oneself, must be protected.
Acts as an appositive marker to provide a precise explanation of what 'freedom' entails in this context.
STRUCTURE
... <ruby>即<rt>すなわ</rt></ruby>ち ...
民主主義、即ち、国民による統治は、理想であり続ける。
Minshu shugi, sunawachi, kokumin ni yoru touchi wa, risou de ari tsuzukeru.
Democracy, namely government by the people, continues to be the ideal.
彼は会社の代表、即ち、最高責任者だ。
Kare wa kaisha no daihyou, sunawachi, saikou sekinin sha da.
He is the company representative, namely the person with highest responsibility.
明日は休日、即ち、仕事が休みだ。
Ashita wa kyuujitsu, sunawachi, shigoto ga yasumi da.
Tomorrow is a holiday, namely a day off work.
Practice exercises
1
彼は父の兄弟、即ち私の叔父です。
He is my father's brother, namely my uncle.
Answer
即ち
2
地球の衛星、即ち月のことだ。
Earth's satellite, namely the moon.
Answer
即ち
3
水の固体、即ち氷だ。
The solid form of water, namely ice.
Answer
即ち
4
これは猫の家、即ち、猫のための場所だ。
This is the cat's house, namely, a place for the cat.
Answer
即ち
5
民主主義、即ち、国民による統治は理想であり続ける。
Democracy, namely government by the people, continues to be the ideal.
Answer
即ち
6
この映画は実話、即ち、現実の出来事をもとにしている。
This movie is a true story, in other words, it is based on real events.
Answer
即ち
7
この計画は未完成だ。即ち、未だ完成していない。
This plan is unfinished; in other words, it is not yet complete.
Answer
未だ完成していない
8
この映画は実話、即ち、現実の出来事をもとにしている。
This movie is a true story, in other words, it is based on real events.
Answer
即ち