
GRAMMAR
〜ごとく・〜ごとき・〜ごとし ①
like
as if
Explanation
NOTE
〜ごとく・〜ごとき・〜ごとし all mean like / as if — a literary way to draw a comparison.
NOTE
These three are the same word in different roles. They are formal and sound classical or poetic.
NOTE
ごとく is the adverbial form — it modifies a verb, meaning as if / in the manner of.
彼は飛ぶごとく走った。
He ran as if flying.
NOTE
Attach ごとく to a verb in dictionary form, or to a noun with の.
STRUCTURE
V辞
ごとく時は流れるごとく過ぎた。
Toki wa nagareru gotoku sugita.
Time passed as if flowing.
彼女は知っているごとく笑った。
Kanojo wa shitte iru gotoku waratta.
She smiled as if she knew.
嵐は叫ぶごとく吹き荒れた。
Arashi wa sakebu gotoku fukiareta.
The storm raged as if screaming.
NOTE
ごとき is the attributive form — it modifies a noun that follows, meaning like / such a.
夢のごとき日々だった。
They were days like a dream.
NOTE
Attach ごとき to a noun with の. It is followed by another noun.
STRUCTURE
N辞
のごとき氷のごとき心を持つ人だ。
Koori no gotoki kokoro o motsu hito da.
He is a person with a heart like ice.
絵のごとき景色が広がった。
E no gotoki keshiki ga hirogatta.
Scenery like a painting spread out.
炎のごとき情熱を感じた。
Honoo no gotoki jounetsu o kanjita.
I felt a passion like a flame.
NOTE
ごとし is the conclusive form — it ends a sentence, meaning is like / is as if.
光陰矢のごとし。
Time is like an arrow.
NOTE
Attach ごとし to a noun with の to close a sentence, or to a verb in dictionary form.
STRUCTURE
N辞
のごとし人生は夢のごとし。
Jinsei wa yume no gotoshi.
Life is like a dream.
彼の心は石のごとし。
Kare no kokoro wa ishi no gotoshi.
His heart is like stone.
歳月は水のごとし。
Saigetsu wa mizu no gotoshi.
The years are like water.
Practice exercises
1
彼は飛ぶごとく走った。
He ran as if flying.
Answer
ごとく
2
時は流れるごとく過ぎた。
Time passed as if flowing.
Answer
ごとく
3
彼女は知っているごとく笑った。
She smiled as if she knew.
Answer
ごとく
4
氷のごとき心を持つ。
He has a heart like ice.
Answer
ごとき
5
絵のごとき景色が広がった。
Scenery like a painting spread out.
Answer
ごとき
6
炎のごとき情熱を感じた。
I felt a passion like a flame.
Answer
ごとき
7
人生は夢のごとし。
Life is like a dream.
Answer
ごとし
8
彼の心は石のごとし。
His heart is like stone.
Answer
ごとし
9
歳月は水のごとし。
The years are like water.
Answer
ごとし
10
自然の美しさを見て、まるで夢の如しと感じた。
Seeing the beauty of nature, I felt it was like a dream.
Answer
如し
11
学者たる人は、星の如く輝くべきだ。
A person who is a scholar should shine like a star.
Answer
如く
12
あの夏の日々は、祭の如き輝かしい時間だった。
Those summer days were brilliant moments like a festival.
Answer
如き
13
彼の情熱は炎の如く、皆を鼓舞した。
His passion, like a flame, inspired everyone.
Answer
如く
14
人生は流れる川の如く、二度と戻らぬものだ。
Life is like a flowing river; it never returns.
Answer
如く